{"id":231,"date":"2025-05-05T21:28:41","date_gmt":"2025-05-05T21:28:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/returntosinai.org\/?p=231"},"modified":"2025-05-07T18:52:25","modified_gmt":"2025-05-07T23:52:25","slug":"hebrew-text-scripts","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/returntosinai.org\/es\/hebrew-text-scripts\/","title":{"rendered":"Hebrew Text Scripts"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"is-style-text-subtitle is-style-text-subtitle--1 wp-block-paragraph\">To grasp the complexity of the Hebrew texts we have today, I needed to understand the history behind their authenticity and reliability. By faith, I trust in Yahweh\u2014His faithfulness, kindness, and deep love for us. I know He will preserve His Word, no matter how much the world has tried to erase it. A powerful testimony of this is the discovery of the <strong>Dead Sea Scrolls<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-text-subtitle is-style-text-subtitle--2 wp-block-paragraph\">Today, the most widely used text for the <strong>Hebrew Bible<\/strong> is the <strong>Masoretic Text<\/strong>, regarded as the authoritative Hebrew manuscript.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <strong>Masoretic Text (MT)<\/strong> is the authoritative Hebrew text of the Jewish Bible (Tanakh), standardized by Jewish scribes known as the <strong>Masoretes<\/strong> between the 6th and 10th centuries CE.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"356\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/returntosinai.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/10-commandments.002.jpg?resize=512%2C356&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-236\" style=\"width:645px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/returntosinai.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/10-commandments.002.jpg?w=512&amp;ssl=1 512w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/returntosinai.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/10-commandments.002.jpg?resize=300%2C209&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Dead Sea Scroll &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.deadseascrolls.org.il\/explore-the-archive\/manuscript\/4Q41-1\">4Q41 \u2013\u2009 4Q Deut<\/a><sup>n<\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udcdc Key Features of the Masoretic Text:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Consonantal Text:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Based on earlier Hebrew manuscripts that were consonant-only.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Masoretes preserved the ancient consonantal text as received from earlier scribal traditions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Vocalization and Cantillation:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The Masoretes added:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Vowel points (nikkud)<\/strong> to clarify pronunciation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cantillation marks (te&#8217;amim)<\/strong> for liturgical chanting and phrasing<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This ensured consistent oral reading and interpretation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Masorah (Marginal Notes):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Notes in the margins recorded scribal traditions, textual variants, and rules to prevent errors.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Included things like how often certain words appear, spelling variants, and unusual grammar.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Codified Standard:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Major codices include:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Aleppo Codex<\/strong> (~930 CE)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Leningrad Codex<\/strong> (~1008 CE), the oldest complete MT manuscript<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Became the basis for most modern printed Hebrew Bibles.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83c\udfdb Role and Influence:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Judaism:<\/strong> MT is the <strong>canonical text<\/strong> for Rabbinic Judaism.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Christianity:<\/strong> Most Protestant Old Testaments are based on the MT (though some traditions still use the Septuagint).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Biblical Scholarship:<\/strong> MT is one of the <strong>three key text families<\/strong> (alongside the Septuagint and Dead Sea Scrolls) used for reconstructing the earliest biblical texts.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Deuteronomy 6:4\u20139<\/strong> contains the <strong>Shema<\/strong>, one of the most central and sacred passages in Jewish tradition. Here&#8217;s a <strong>side-by-side comparison<\/strong> of this passage across three key textual traditions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading alignwide\">\ud83d\udcd6 <strong>Deuteronomy 6:4\u20139 ~ Comparison<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table alignfull\"><table><thead><tr><th>Verse<\/th><th><strong>Masoretic Text (MT)<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Septuagint (LXX)<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Dead Sea Scrolls (DSS)<\/strong><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>6:4<\/strong><\/td><td><em>\u201cHear, O Israel: The LORD our God, the LORD is one.\u201d<\/em><br>(\u05e9\u05b0\u05c1\u05de\u05b7\u05e2 \u05d9\u05b4\u05e9\u05b0\u05c2\u05e8\u05b8\u05d0\u05b5\u05dc \u05d9\u05b0\u05d4\u05d5\u05b8\u05d4 \u05d0\u05b1\u05dc\u05b9\u05d4\u05b5\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05bc \u05d9\u05b0\u05d4\u05d5\u05b8\u05d4 \u05d0\u05b6\u05d7\u05b8\u05d3\u05c3)<\/td><td><em>\u201cHear, O Israel: The Lord our God is one Lord.\u201d<\/em><br>(\u1f0c\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03b5, \u1f38\u03c3\u03c1\u03b1\u03ae\u03bb\u00b7 \u039a\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f41 \u0398\u03b5\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u039a\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f37\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd)<\/td><td>\ud83d\uddc2 Found in <strong>4QDeutq<\/strong> and other fragments; essentially matches MT<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>6:5<\/strong><\/td><td><em>\u201cYou shall love the LORD your God with all your heart, with all your soul, and with all your might.\u201d<\/em><\/td><td><em>\u201c\u2026with all your mind, with all your soul, and with all your strength.\u201d<\/em><\/td><td>Matches MT (with slight orthographic variants)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>6:6\u20139<\/strong><\/td><td>Contains commandments to keep these words in the heart, teach them to children, bind them as signs on hands and between eyes, and write them on doorposts and gates<\/td><td>The LXX is close, but wording is occasionally more interpretive or stylistically Greek (e.g., \u201cbind them as a sign upon your hand, and it shall be immovable before your eyes\u201d)<\/td><td>DSS fragments are partial but support the MT text type here<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83e\udde0 Key Observations:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>MT and DSS<\/strong>: Nearly identical in this passage, supporting the idea that the MT reflects an ancient and stable textual tradition\u2014at least for this section.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Septuagint<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Faithful to the meaning but slightly <strong>more fluid<\/strong> o <strong>interpretive<\/strong> in translation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Uses terms like \u201cmind\u201d instead of \u201cheart\u201d due to translation from Hebrew to Greek.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reflects a Greek-speaking Jewish audience and sometimes aligns with a Hebrew Vorlage (base text) slightly different from the MT.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading alignwide\">\ud83d\udcd6 <strong>ISAIAH 53:4-6 ~ Comparison<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table alignfull\"><table><thead><tr><th><strong>Verse<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Masoretic Text (MT)<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Septuagint (LXX)<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Dead Sea Scrolls (DSS)<\/strong><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>53:4<\/strong><\/td><td>Surely he has borne our griefs and carried our sorrows; yet we esteemed him stricken, smitten by God, and afflicted.<\/td><td>He bears our sins and suffers pain for us, yet we accounted him to be in trouble, and in suffering and affliction.<\/td><td>Matches MT very closely, with minor spelling differences (found in 1QIsaa)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>53:5<\/strong><\/td><td>But he was pierced for our transgressions; he was crushed for our iniquities; upon him was the chastisement that brought us peace, and with his wounds we are healed.<\/td><td>But he was wounded because of our lawlessness, and was weakened because of our sins; the discipline of our peace was upon him; by his bruise we were healed.<\/td><td>Very close to MT; agrees with MT against the LXX in key terms like \u201cpierced\u201d and \u201ccrushed\u201d<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>53:6<\/strong><\/td><td>All we like sheep have gone astray; we have turned\u2014every one\u2014to his own way; and the LORD has laid on him the iniquity of us all.<\/td><td>All we like sheep have gone astray; man has gone astray in his way, and the Lord delivered him over for our sins.<\/td><td>Nearly identical to MT with minor orthographic differences<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading alignfull\"><strong>Isaiah 53:4<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table alignfull\"><table><thead><tr><th>Version<\/th><th>Text<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>MT (Hebrew)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u05d0\u05b8\u05db\u05b5\u05df \u05d7\u05b3\u05dc\u05b8\u05d9\u05b5\u05e0\u05d5\u05bc \u05d4\u05d5\u05bc\u05d0 \u05e0\u05b8\u05e9\u05b8\u05c2\u05d0 \u05d5\u05bc\u05de\u05b7\u05db\u05b0\u05d0\u05b9\u05d1\u05b5\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05bc \u05e1\u05b0\u05d1\u05b8\u05dc\u05b8\u05dd \u05d5\u05b7\u05d0\u05b2\u05e0\u05b7\u05d7\u05b0\u05e0\u05d5\u05bc \u05d7\u05b2\u05e9\u05b7\u05c1\u05d1\u05b0\u05e0\u05bb\u05d4\u05d5\u05bc \u05e0\u05b8\u05d2\u05d5\u05bc\u05e2\u05b7 \u05de\u05bb\u05db\u05b5\u05bc\u05d4 \u05d0\u05b1\u05dc\u05b9\u05d4\u05b4\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05bc\u05de\u05b0\u05e2\u05bb\u05e0\u05b6\u05bc\u05d4<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>MT (Translation)<\/strong><\/td><td>Surely he has borne our griefs and carried our sorrows; yet we esteemed him stricken, smitten by God, and afflicted.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>LXX (Greek)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u039f\u1f57\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f01\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u1f21\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f40\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u1fb6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u00b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f21\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03c0\u03cc\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03b3\u1fc7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>LXX (Translation)<\/strong><\/td><td>He bears our sins and suffers pain for us; yet we considered him to be in pain, stricken, and afflicted.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>DSS<\/strong><\/td><td>Matches MT nearly verbatim in 1QIsa<sup>a<\/sup>; very minor spelling variations.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading alignwide\"><strong>Isaiah 53:5<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table alignfull\"><table><thead><tr><th>Version<\/th><th>Text<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>MT (Hebrew)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u05d5\u05b0\u05d4\u05d5\u05bc\u05d0 \u05de\u05b0\u05d7\u05b9\u05dc\u05b8\u05dc \u05de\u05b4\u05e4\u05b0\u05bc\u05e9\u05b8\u05c1\u05e2\u05b5\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05bc \u05de\u05b0\u05d3\u05bb\u05db\u05b8\u05bc\u05d0 \u05de\u05b5\u05e2\u05b2\u05d5\u200d\u05b9\u05e0\u05b9\u05ea\u05b5\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05bc \u05de\u05d5\u05bc\u05e1\u05b7\u05e8 \u05e9\u05b0\u05c1\u05dc\u05d5\u05b9\u05de\u05b5\u05e0\u05d5\u05bc \u05e2\u05b8\u05dc\u05b8\u05d9\u05d5 \u05d5\u05bc\u05d1\u05b7\u05d7\u05b2\u05d1\u05bb\u05e8\u05b8\u05ea\u05d5\u05b9 \u05e0\u05b4\u05e8\u05b0\u05e4\u05b8\u05bc\u05d0 \u05dc\u05b8\u05e0\u05d5\u05bc<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>MT (Translation)<\/strong><\/td><td>But he was pierced for our transgressions; he was crushed for our iniquities; upon him was the chastisement that brought us peace, and with his wounds we are healed.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>LXX (Greek)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0391\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f01\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd\u00b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u1fbf \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd, \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03bc\u03ce\u03bb\u03c9\u03c0\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f21\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f30\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>LXX (Translation)<\/strong><\/td><td>But he was wounded because of our lawlessness, and weakened because of our sins; the discipline of our peace was upon him; by his bruise we were healed.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>DSS<\/strong><\/td><td>Strong agreement with MT; same key terms (\u201cpierced\u201d, \u201ccrushed\u201d) preserved in 1QIsa<sup>a<\/sup>.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading alignwide\"><strong>Isaiah 53:6<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table alignfull\"><table><thead><tr><th>Version<\/th><th>Text<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>MT (Hebrew)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u05db\u05bb\u05bc\u05dc\u05b8\u05bc\u05e0\u05d5\u05bc \u05db\u05b7\u05e6\u05b9\u05bc\u05d0\u05df \u05ea\u05b8\u05bc\u05e2\u05b4\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05bc \u05d0\u05b4\u05d9\u05e9\u05c1 \u05dc\u05b0\u05d3\u05b7\u05e8\u05b0\u05db\u05bc\u05d5\u05b9 \u05e4\u05b8\u05bc\u05e0\u05b4\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05bc \u05d5\u05b7\u05d9\u05d4\u05d5\u05b8\u05d4 \u05d4\u05b4\u05e4\u05b0\u05d2\u05b4\u05bc\u05d9\u05e2\u05b7 \u05d1\u05bc\u05d5\u05b9 \u05d0\u05b5\u05ea \u05e2\u05b2\u05d5\u200d\u05b9\u05df \u05db\u05bb\u05bc\u05dc\u05b8\u05bc\u05e0\u05d5\u05bc<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>MT (Translation)<\/strong><\/td><td>All we like sheep have gone astray; we have turned\u2014every one\u2014to his own way; and the LORD has laid on him the iniquity of us all.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>LXX (Greek)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u03a0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f61\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f10\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd, \u1f04\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u1f41\u03b4\u1ff7 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u00b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u039a\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f01\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>LXX (Translation)<\/strong><\/td><td>All we like sheep have gone astray; each man has strayed in his own way; and the Lord delivered him over for our sins.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>DSS<\/strong><\/td><td>Matches MT with only minor orthographic (spelling) differences. Phrase structure preserved.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udccc In Summary:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These passages are a great example of <strong>textual stability<\/strong>: The MT and DSS are nearly the same, affirming the core message. The <strong>LXX<\/strong> offers a faithful but Greek-flavored rendering, showing how translation affects nuance but preserves theology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/returntosinai.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/ChatGPT-Image-May-5-2025-01_15_13-PM.png?resize=1024%2C1024&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Made with ChatGPT\" class=\"wp-image-232\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/returntosinai.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/ChatGPT-Image-May-5-2025-01_15_13-PM.png?w=1024&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/returntosinai.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/ChatGPT-Image-May-5-2025-01_15_13-PM.png?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/returntosinai.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/ChatGPT-Image-May-5-2025-01_15_13-PM.png?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/returntosinai.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/ChatGPT-Image-May-5-2025-01_15_13-PM.png?resize=768%2C768&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-text-display is-style-text-display--3 wp-block-paragraph\">What other groups other than the Masoretes kept records of the Hebrew Bible?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-text-subtitle has-accent-6-background-color has-background is-style-text-subtitle--4 wp-block-paragraph\">Other than the <strong>Masoretes<\/strong>, several groups and communities preserved and transmitted the Hebrew Bible, often in different languages, formats, or traditions. Here are the most significant ones:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. <strong>Samaritans<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Text:<\/strong> Samaritan Pentateuch (only the Torah)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Language:<\/strong> Ancient Hebrew script (Samaritan script)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Distinctives:<\/strong> Their version of the Pentateuch differs in some theological and textual ways from the Masoretic Text (MT), including changes that reflect Samaritan beliefs (e.g., emphasis on Mount Gerizim).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. <strong>Septuagint Translators<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Text:<\/strong> Septuagint (LXX) \u2013 Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Language:<\/strong> Koine Greek<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Origin:<\/strong> Jewish scholars in Alexandria (3rd\u20131st century BCE)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Significance:<\/strong> Preserves a textual tradition often different from the MT; useful for textual criticism and reconstructing earlier Hebrew variants.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. <strong>Dead Sea Scrolls Community (likely Essenes)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Text:<\/strong> Numerous Biblical and extra-biblical scrolls<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Language:<\/strong> Hebrew and Aramaic<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Location:<\/strong> Qumran (2nd century BCE \u2013 1st century CE)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Significance:<\/strong> Contains biblical manuscripts that predate the Masoretes by nearly a millennium; shows textual diversity, including proto-Masoretic, proto-Samaritan, and Septuagint-aligned readings.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. <strong>Early Jewish Scribes (pre-Masoretic)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Text:<\/strong> Proto-Masoretic Texts and other textual traditions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Era:<\/strong> 6th\u20132nd century BCE<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Significance:<\/strong> These scribes transmitted and edited the Hebrew scriptures during the Second Temple period, leading to the textual forms later standardized by the Masoretes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. <strong>Karaite Jews<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Text:<\/strong> Hebrew Bible (Tanakh), often based on but distinct from Rabbinic Masoretic versions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Significance:<\/strong> While they used the MT, Karaites sometimes preserved their own vocalization and interpretations. Some early Karaite manuscripts show variations and independent preservation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. <strong>Christian Communities (Syriac, Latin, etc.)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Texts:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Peshitta<\/strong> (Syriac translation)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Vulgate<\/strong> (Latin translation by Jerome)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Significance:<\/strong> These versions often relied on Hebrew texts different from the Masoretic tradition or on the Septuagint. Occasionally preserve unique variants or glosses.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-text-display is-style-text-display--5 wp-block-paragraph\">How many of these scripts survive today?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Most of the <strong>scripts<\/strong> y <strong>textual traditions<\/strong> mentioned do survive today, though some are fragmentary or only preserved through later copies. Here&#8217;s a breakdown of which ones survive and in what form:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. <strong>Samaritan Script (Samaritan Pentateuch)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u2705 <strong>Survives Today:<\/strong> Yes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\ud83d\udcdc <strong>Form:<\/strong> Actively maintained by the small Samaritan community in Israel and the West Bank.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\ud83e\uddfe <strong>Oldest manuscripts:<\/strong> ~11th century CE, though the tradition claims older roots.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\ud83d\udd20 <strong>Script:<\/strong> Distinct Paleo-Hebrew script variant (not square Aramaic like the Masoretic Text).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. <strong>Septuagint (LXX)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u2705 <strong>Survives Today:<\/strong> Yes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\ud83d\udcdc <strong>Form:<\/strong> Full Greek translations still used in Eastern Orthodox Christianity.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\ud83e\uddfe <strong>Oldest manuscripts:<\/strong> Codex Vaticanus and Codex Sinaiticus (~4th century CE)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\ud83d\udcd8 <strong>Variants:<\/strong> Preserves Hebrew text traditions different from MT in some books.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. <strong>Dead Sea Scrolls<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u2705 <strong>Survives Today:<\/strong> Yes (fragmentary)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\ud83d\udcdc <strong>Form:<\/strong> Thousands of parchment and papyrus fragments from ~900 manuscripts<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\ud83e\uddfe <strong>Date:<\/strong> 3rd century BCE to 1st century CE<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\ud83d\udd24 <strong>Scripts:<\/strong> Paleo-Hebrew and square Aramaic Hebrew scripts<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. <strong>Proto-Masoretic Text \/ Early Jewish Scribes<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u26a0\ufe0f <strong>Partially Survives<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\ud83d\udcdc <strong>Form:<\/strong> Indirectly preserved through:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Dead Sea Scrolls<\/strong> (some proto-MT manuscripts)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Later MT manuscripts<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\ud83e\uddfe <strong>No full manuscripts<\/strong> survive from the Second Temple period, but early readings can be reconstructed through DSS and comparison with the LXX.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. <strong>Masoretic Text (MT)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u2705 <strong>Survives Today:<\/strong> Yes (primary Hebrew Bible text)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\ud83d\udcdc <strong>Form:<\/strong> Codices and scrolls in Hebrew with Masoretic notes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\ud83e\uddfe <strong>Oldest complete codices:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Aleppo Codex<\/strong> (~930 CE)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Leningrad Codex<\/strong> (~1008 CE)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\ud83d\udd20 <strong>Script:<\/strong> Square Aramaic (Assyrian) Hebrew script<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. <strong>Karaite Manuscripts<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u2705 <strong>Survives Today:<\/strong> Yes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\ud83d\udcdc <strong>Form:<\/strong> Hebrew manuscripts with distinct vocalization and marginal notes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\ud83e\uddfe <strong>Oldest manuscripts:<\/strong> 9th\u201311th century CE, primarily from the Cairo Geniza and Crimea<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\ud83d\udcd6 <strong>Some use MT, others have minor variants.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7. <strong>Christian Translations (e.g., Peshitta, Vulgate)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u2705 <strong>Survives Today:<\/strong> Yes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\ud83d\udcdc <strong>Peshitta:<\/strong> Still used by Syriac Christian churches<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\ud83d\udcdc <strong>Vulgate:<\/strong> Latin Bible of Catholic Church (Jerome used Hebrew sources and LXX)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\ud83e\uddfe <strong>Manuscripts:<\/strong> Dating from 4th century CE onward<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading alignfull\">Summary Table<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table alignfull\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Script \/ Tradition<\/th><th>Survives Today?<\/th><th>Script Used<\/th><th>Notes<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Samaritan Pentateuch<\/td><td>\u2705 Yes<\/td><td>Samaritan (Paleo-Hebrew)<\/td><td>Active community still uses it<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Septuagint (LXX)<\/td><td>\u2705 Yes<\/td><td>Koine Greek<\/td><td>Key early witness to Hebrew Bible<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dead Sea Scrolls<\/td><td>\u2705 Yes (frag.)<\/td><td>Paleo-Hebrew &amp; Square<\/td><td>Oldest physical texts of Hebrew Bible<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Proto-Masoretic Text<\/td><td>\u26a0\ufe0f Indirectly<\/td><td>Early Hebrew<\/td><td>Reconstructed from DSS, LXX, and MT<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Masoretic Text (MT)<\/td><td>\u2705 Yes<\/td><td>Square Hebrew<\/td><td>Standard Jewish Bible<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Karaite Manuscripts<\/td><td>\u2705 Yes<\/td><td>Square Hebrew<\/td><td>Some textual\/vocal variations from Rabbinic MT<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Christian Translations<\/td><td>\u2705 Yes<\/td><td>Greek, Latin, Syriac<\/td><td>Useful for comparing textual traditions<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Recursos<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udcda <strong>Groups That Preserved the Hebrew Bible \u2013 Bibliography<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-small-font-size\">\n<li>Abegg, Martin, Peter Flint, and Eugene Ulrich. <em>The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible<\/em>. HarperOne, 1999.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Barth\u00e9lemy, Dominique. <em>Studies in the Text of the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Hebrew Old Testament Text Project<\/em>. Eisenbrauns, 2012.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Brotzman, Ellis R., and Eric J. Tully. <em>Old Testament Textual Criticism: A Practical Introduction<\/em>. Baker Academic, 2016.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Flint, Peter W. <em>The Meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls<\/em>. HarperSanFrancisco, 2002.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Knoppers, Gary N. <em>Jews and Samaritans: The Origins and History of Their Early Relations<\/em>. Oxford University Press, 2013.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>NETS (New English Translation of the Septuagint). <a>https:\/\/ccat.sas.upenn.edu\/nets\/edition\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Talmon, Shemaryahu. \u201cThe Old Testament Text.\u201d In <em>The Cambridge History of the Bible<\/em>, Vol. 1, edited by P. R. Ackroyd and C. F. Evans, Cambridge University Press, 1970.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Talmon, Shemaryahu. \u201cThe Textual Study of the Bible\u2014A New Outlook.\u201d In <em>Qumran and the History of the Biblical Text<\/em>, Harvard University Press, 2010.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tov, Emanuel. <em>Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible<\/em>. 3rd ed., Fortress Press, 2012.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tsedaka, Benyamim, trans. <em>The Israelite Samaritan Version of the Torah<\/em>. Wipf &amp; Stock, 2013.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ulrich, Eugene. <em>The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Origins of the Bible<\/em>. Eerdmans, 1999.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Digital Dead Sea Scrolls Project. Israel Museum. <a>https:\/\/dss.collections.imj.org.il<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Masoretic text comparisons<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udcda <strong>Primary Text Sources<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>Masoretic Text (MT):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-small-font-size\">\n<li><em>Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia<\/em> (BHS), ed. K. Elliger &amp; W. Rudolph (Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Westminster Leningrad Codex<\/em> (WLC) \u2013 widely available through <a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/tanach.us\">https:\/\/tanach.us<\/a> and other online Hebrew Bible platforms.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>Septuagint (LXX):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-small-font-size\">\n<li><em>Septuaginta: A Reader\u2019s Edition<\/em>, ed. Gregory R. Lanier &amp; William A. Ross.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Rahlfs-Hanhart Septuagint<\/em>, ed. Alfred Rahlfs, revised by Robert Hanhart.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Available in digital form at <a>https:\/\/ccat.sas.upenn.edu\/nets\/edition\/<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>Dead Sea Scrolls (DSS):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-small-font-size\">\n<li><em>The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible<\/em>, by Martin Abegg, Peter Flint, and Eugene Ulrich.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Digital fragments from the <strong>Great Isaiah Scroll (1QIsa\u1d43)<\/strong>: <a>https:\/\/dss.collections.imj.org.il\/isaiah<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Transcriptions from the <strong>Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udee0\ufe0f <strong>Translation and Comparative Tools<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-small-font-size\">\n<li><strong>Logos Bible Software<\/strong> \u2013 for side-by-side analysis and access to scholarly commentaries.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>BibleHub Interlinear Tools<\/strong> \u2013 <a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/biblehub.com\">https:\/\/biblehub.com<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>StepBible.org<\/strong> \u2013 provides lexicons and original texts with translations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Tyndale House, Cambridge<\/strong> \u2013 particularly helpful for textual and manuscript studies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udcd6 <strong>Scholarly Reference Works<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-small-font-size\">\n<li>Emanuel Tov, <em>Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Eugene Ulrich, <em>The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Origins of the Bible<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Peter Flint, <em>The Meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mois\u00e9s Silva &amp; Karen H. Jobes, <em>Invitation to the Septuagint<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"To grasp the complexity of the Hebrew texts we have today, I needed to understand the history behind their authenticity and reliability. By faith, I trust in Yahweh\u2014His faithfulness, kindness, and deep love for us. I know He will preserve His Word, no matter how much the world has tried to erase it. A powerful [&hellip;]","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":237,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"episode_type":"","audio_file":"","podmotor_file_id":"","podmotor_episode_id":"","cover_image":"","cover_image_id":"","duration":"","filesize":"","filesize_raw":"","date_recorded":"","explicit":"","block":"","itunes_episode_number":"","itunes_title":"","itunes_season_number":"","itunes_episode_type":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":false,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[3],"tags":[46,44,45,47,48],"series":[],"class_list":["post-231","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-research","tag-dead-sea-scrolls","tag-masoretic-text","tag-qumran","tag-samaritans","tag-septuagint"],"episode_featured_image":"https:\/\/returntosinai.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/hebrew-bible-research.webp","episode_player_image":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/returntosinai.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/One-New-Man-mp3-image.png?fit=2400%2C2400&ssl=1","download_link":"","player_link":"","audio_player":false,"episode_data":{"playerMode":"dark","subscribeUrls":{"apple_podcasts":{"key":"apple_podcasts","url":"","label":"Apple Podcasts","class":"apple_podcasts","icon":"apple-podcasts.png"},"google_podcasts":{"key":"google_podcasts","url":"","label":"Google Podcasts","class":"google_podcasts","icon":"google-podcasts.png"},"spotify":{"key":"spotify","url":"","label":"Spotify","class":"spotify","icon":"spotify.png"},"spreaker":{"key":"spreaker","url":"","label":"Spreaker","class":"spreaker","icon":"spreaker.png"},"stitcher":{"key":"stitcher","url":"","label":"Stitcher","class":"stitcher","icon":"stitcher.png"}},"rssFeedUrl":"https:\/\/returntosinai.org\/es\/feed\/podcast\/return-to-sinai","embedCode":"<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"ZLP04TRx8D\"><a href=\"https:\/\/returntosinai.org\/es\/hebrew-text-scripts\/\">Hebrew Text Scripts<\/a><\/blockquote><iframe sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" src=\"https:\/\/returntosinai.org\/es\/hebrew-text-scripts\/embed\/#?secret=ZLP04TRx8D\" width=\"500\" height=\"350\" title=\"&#171;Hebrew Text Scripts&#187; &#8212; Return to Sinai\" data-secret=\"ZLP04TRx8D\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\"><\/iframe><script>\n\/*! This file is auto-generated *\/\n!function(d,l){\"use strict\";l.querySelector&&d.addEventListener&&\"undefined\"!=typeof URL&&(d.wp=d.wp||{},d.wp.receiveEmbedMessage||(d.wp.receiveEmbedMessage=function(e){var t=e.data;if((t||t.secret||t.message||t.value)&&!\/[^a-zA-Z0-9]\/.test(t.secret)){for(var s,r,n,a=l.querySelectorAll('iframe[data-secret=\"'+t.secret+'\"]'),o=l.querySelectorAll('blockquote[data-secret=\"'+t.secret+'\"]'),c=new RegExp(\"^https?:$\",\"i\"),i=0;i<o.length;i++)o[i].style.display=\"none\";for(i=0;i<a.length;i++)s=a[i],e.source===s.contentWindow&&(s.removeAttribute(\"style\"),\"height\"===t.message?(1e3<(r=parseInt(t.value,10))?r=1e3:~~r<200&&(r=200),s.height=r):\"link\"===t.message&&(r=new URL(s.getAttribute(\"src\")),n=new URL(t.value),c.test(n.protocol))&&n.host===r.host&&l.activeElement===s&&(d.top.location.href=t.value))}},d.addEventListener(\"message\",d.wp.receiveEmbedMessage,!1),l.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",function(){for(var e,t,s=l.querySelectorAll(\"iframe.wp-embedded-content\"),r=0;r<s.length;r++)(t=(e=s[r]).getAttribute(\"data-secret\"))||(t=Math.random().toString(36).substring(2,12),e.src+=\"#?secret=\"+t,e.setAttribute(\"data-secret\",t)),e.contentWindow.postMessage({message:\"ready\",secret:t},\"*\")},!1)))}(window,document);\n\/\/# sourceURL=https:\/\/returntosinai.org\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-embed.min.js\n<\/script>\n"},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/returntosinai.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/hebrew-bible-research.webp?fit=2400%2C1350&ssl=1","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/returntosinai.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/231","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/returntosinai.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/returntosinai.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/returntosinai.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/returntosinai.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=231"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/returntosinai.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/231\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":293,"href":"https:\/\/returntosinai.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/231\/revisions\/293"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/returntosinai.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/237"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/returntosinai.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=231"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/returntosinai.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=231"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/returntosinai.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=231"},{"taxonomy":"series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/returntosinai.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/series?post=231"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}